Evidence-Based Policing Matrix
Research on Individuals
Individuals – Interventions which target distinct individuals or certain types of individuals such as violent youths, repeat offenders, sex offenders, or drunk drivers.
KEY: Rigor: M=Moderately Rigorous; R= Rigorous; VR=Very Rigorous Y-axis: F=Focused and Tailored; G=General Z-axis: R=Reactive; P=Proactive; H=Highly Proactive Dots: Black=Effective; Gray=Mixed Results; White=No Evidence of Effect; Red=Backfire effect
| Author |
Intervention and Findings |
Result | Rigor | Y-Axis | Z-Axis |
| Abrahamse et al. (1991) | Post-arrest case enhancement of repeat offenders increased odds of arrestees being incarcerated. |  |
VR | F | R |
| Ariel et al. (2019) | Proactive engagement of prolific offenders led to lower offending in treated groups | |
R | F | HP |
| Bennett et al. (2018) | Truancy intervention led to a non-significant decrease in offending among treated students, despite control students experiencing a significant increase in offending over the same time period | |
VR | F | HP |
| Berk et al. (1992) | Arrest of spousal abusers reduced recidivism | |
VR | F | R |
| Bonkiewicz et al. (2014) | Mental health post-crisis assistance program led to reductions in mental health calls for service, arrests, and emergency protective custody orders | |
R | F | R |
| Casey et al. (2007) | Domestic violence victims receiving home visits have significantly less calls for service than comparison group | |
M | F | R |
| Cho & Wilke (2010) | Arrest of intimate partner violence perpetrators associated with reduced victimization compared to non-arrest. | |
M | G | R |
| Collins et al. (2017) | Diversion program for low-level offenders associated with significantly lower odds of a subsequent arrest and felony charge | |
R | F | R |
| Dunford (1990) | Arrest warrant for domestic violence suspect reduced absent offender recidivism 50% | |
VR | F | R |
| Exum et al. (2014) | Suspects processed through the DV unit had significantly lower rates of re-offending | |
R | F | R |
| Fox & Farrington (2015) | Behavioral profiles for burglary offenses and offenders increased arrest rates | |
M | F | R |
| Jolin et al. (1998) | Domestic violence unit designed to increase arrests and prosecutions of offenders and provide follow-up victim empowerment services associated with decline in victim-reported subsequent violence | |
VR | F | R |
| Knoxville P.D. (2002) | Police-probation collaborative program participants more likely to successfully complete probation | |
M | F | R |
| Martin & Sherman (1986) | Targeted offenders in selective apprehension program more likely to be arrested, convicted, and incarcerated | |
R | F | R |
| Messing et al. (2015) | A police-social service resulted in fewer victimization of physical violence. | |
R | F | R |
| Sherman & Berk (1984) | Arrest condition for domestic violence associated with significantly less offender recidivism compared to separation and mediation. | |
R | F | R |
| Sherman et al. (2000) (Violent Offenders) | Restorative justice conferences can be effective in reducing repeat offending for violent offenders | |
VR | G | R |
| Spergel et al. (2002) | Comparison of 258 program juveniles with 96 comparison youth showed the program youth had arrest levels 18 percent lower than the comparison youth over a 4-year period. | |
M | F | P |
| Worrall & Gaines (2006) | Police/probation officer partnership for juvenile offenders associated with citywide reductions in assault, burglary, and theft arrests | |
M | F | R |
| Esbensen (2002) | Students in Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program were less likely to join gangs in cross-sectional study. The longitudinal study, however, failed to find a programmatic effect. |  |
M | G | HP |
| Esbensen et al. (2012) | Police-led programs for gang prevention aimed at reduction in gang membership, reduction in violent offending, and improved attitudes toward the police | |
VR | G | HP |
| Harmon (1993) | Those that receive D.A.R.E. significantly less likely to start using alcohol in year after program; no impact on cigarette or marijuana use | |
M | G | HP |
| McCold & Wachtel (1998) | Violent offenders in restorative justice program have lower recidivism rates, but this is a selection effect, not a treatment effect; no difference among property offenders | |
VR | G | R |
| Pate & Hamilton (1992) | Arrest for domestic violence had a deterrent effect for employed offenders, but increased recidivism among unemployed offenders | |
R | F | R |
| Shapland et al. (2008) (Northumbria – Adult Offenders) | Restorative justice conference had no effect on reconvictions for assault cases, but did lead to fewer reconvictions of property cases | |
VR | G | R |
| Sherman et al. (1991) | Arrest for domestic violence had no effect on recidivism at six months, and short arrest increased recidivism after 12 months | |
VR | F | R |
| Sherman et al. (1992) | Arrest for domestic violence had deterrent effect for married, employed, white high school graduates, but was criminogenic for unemployed, unmarried, black high school drop outs | |
R | F | R |
| Wan et al. (2018) | The Safer Pathway program decreased domestic violence-related outcomes in some treatment locations but produced no effect or backfire effects in other locations | |
R | F | R |
| Becker et al. (1992) | Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) had no significant impact on drug use |  |
M | G | HP |
| Brame et al. (2015) | Court-imposed no-contact orders (NCOs) had no impact on victim safety or offender recidivism | |
VR | F | P |
| Brennan et al. (2018) | Early diversion program for low-risk female offenders did not significantly impact the probability of rearrest or the time to rearrest | |
M | F | HP |
| Clayton et al. (1996) | No significant impact of D.A.R.E. on cigarette, alcohol, or marijuana use one year after and over five year follow up | |
R | G | HP |
| Davis & Taylor (1997) | Home visits after domestic violence failed to reduce repeat violence; Public education about domestic violence failed to reduce violence | |
VR | F | R |
| Davis et al. (2007) | No reduction in subsequent abuse for households that receive second responder within 24 hours or after 7 days | |
VR | F | R |
| Dunford (1992) | Arrest for domestic violence increased offense frequency at 12 months | |
VR | F | R |
| Ennett et al. (1994) | D.A.R.E. has no significant impact on smoking, alcohol use, or heavy drinking immediately after, 1 year after, and 2 years; after program | |
R | G | HP |
| Giblin (2002) | Juveniles participating in CAN (police/probation paternship) were more likely to have new technical violations than were juveniles on regular probation | |
VR | F | R |
| Hirschel et al. (1990) | Arrest for domestic violence increases official recidivism | |
VR | F | R |
| Perry et al. (2003) | D.A.R.E. has no significant impact on any of the outcome measures (self-reported tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use; violence, victimization) | |
VR | G | HP |
| Ridgeway et al. (2011) | Letter to gun buyers informing them about gun laws has no impact on likelihood gun will become crime gun | |
VR | F | HP |
| Ringwalt et al. (1991) | D.A.R.E has no significant impact on smoking, alcohol use, or use of inhalants | |
R | G | HP |
| Rose & Hamilton (1970) | Juvenile diversion and supervision program has no impact on juvenile recidivism | |
VR | F | R |
| Rosenbaum & Hanson (1998) | D.A.R.E has no significant overall impact on using drugs, cigarettes, or alcohol | |
R | G | HP |
| Saunders et al. (2016) | Predictive policing intervention targeting individuals at high risk for gun violence did not significantly impact the likelihood of becoming a shooting or homicide victim | |
R | F | HP |
| Shanahan et al. (2017) | Cautioning strategy for cannabis offenses had no significant impact on self-reported cannabis use | |
R | F | R |
| Shapland et al. (2008) (London – Robbery) | Restorative justice conference had no effect on robbery offenders | |
VR | G | R |
| Shapland et al. (2008) (London – Burglary) | Restorative justice conference had no effect on burglary offenders | |
VR | G | R |
| Shapland et al. (2008) (Northumbria – Juveniles) | Restorative justice conference had no effect on juvenile offenders | |
VR | G | R |
| Sherman et al. (2000) (Juvenile Shoplifting Offenders) | Restorative justice conference had no effect for juvenile shoplifting offenders | |
VR | G | R |
| Sherman et al. (2000) (Juvenile Property Offenders) | Restorative justice conferences did not reduce offending of juvenile property offenders | |
VR | G | R |
| Stover et al. (2010) | Home visit program for domestic violence victims has no significant impact on reported violence | |
M | F | R |
| Williams-Taylor (2009) | Intensive supervision program for sex offenders has no significant impact on rates of general recidivism, sexual, violent, violent sexual or non-compliance recidivism | |
M | F | R |
| Davis & Medina-Ariza (2001) | More elderly abuse incidents and calls to police reported in houses that receive home visit and education; those that receive home visits only call the police more, but don’t report more abuse. |  |
VR | F | P |
| Hovell et al. (2006) | Those that receive Family Violence Response Team treatment have a 1.7 times greater rate of re-abuse | |
M | F | R |
| Klein (1986) | More formal arrest processing increased recidivism | |
VR | F | R |
| Sherman et al. (2000) (Drunk Driving) | Restorative justice conference led to possible backfire effects (with caveats) in rehabilitating drunk drivers | |
VR | G | R |
| Sloboda et al. (2009) | Negative program effect for adolescent substance abuse prevention program on use of alcohol and cigarettes and no effect for marijuana use. | |
VR | G | HP |
| Sorg (2015) | GunStat program did not reduce violent crime during treatment period and was associated with significantly higher levels of gun crime during post-treatment period | |
R | F | P |
| Uchida et al. (2019) | Focused deterrence program led to quicker recidivism for treatment participants | |
VR | F | HP |