Groups — Bynum & Varano (2003)
Aggressive patrol and order maintenance anti-gang initiative associated with substantial reported crime decreases in two target precincts
Groups – Fritsch et al. (1999) Aggressive curfew
Truancy and curfew enforcement associated with reduction in gang violence
Groups – Papachristos and Kirk (2015)
Group Violence Reduction Strategy led to a reduction in shootings and lowered the likelihood of fatal or nonfatal victimization
Groups – Ratcliffe et al. (2017)
Gang interdiction operation led to a 22% violence reduction in the area where the gang operated
Groups – Ridgeway, Grogger, et al. (2019)
Gang injunctions were estimated to reduce total reported crime by 5% in the short term (5 years), and 18% over the long term (27 years).
Groups – Sierra-Arevalo et al. (2017)
Statewide-focused deterrence intervention was associated with a reduction in total shootings and group member-involved incidents
Individuals – Fox et al. (2022)
Project Safe Neighborhoods led to reductions in violence and gun crime rates
Individuals – Spergel et al. (2002)
Comparison of 258 program juveniles with 96 comparison youth showed the program youth had arrest levels 18 percent lower than the comparison youth over a 4-year period.
Jurisdiction – Factor (2019)
Tailored traffic enforcement program involving public participation led to significant decreases in traffic violations
Jurisdiction – Florence et al. (2011)
Information sharing between police and health agencies to improve police deployment strategies associated with substantial and significant reduction in hospital admissions related to violence
Jurisdiction – Malm & Tita (2006)
Green Teams (increased marijuana enforcement) decrease grow operations in target areas without significant displacement to surrounding areas
Jurisdiction – McGarrell et al. (2010)
Project Safe Neighborhoods cities in higher dosage contexts experienced statistically significant, though modest, declines in violent crime
Jurisdiction – Villaveces et al. (2000)
Homicide rates significantly lower on days gun ban/police intervention in effect compared to non-intervention days in 2 Columbian cities
Jurisdiction – White et al. (2003)
Comprehensive homicide initiative of enforcement and nonenforcement problem-oriented strategies led to a decrease in homicides
Micro Places – Ariel et al. (2016)
Hot spot policing by community support officers (non-sworn police employees) led to significant reductions in crime and calls for service
Micro Places – Ariel et al. (2020)
London Underground hotspot platforms receiving directed foot patrol experienced significantly fewer calls for service compared to a no-treatment control group
Micro Places – Basford et al. (2021)
One-a-day foot patrols of 15-20 minutes significantly reduced community violence and crime harm
Micro Places – Bichler et al. (2013)
Problem-oriented policing, focusing on outreach to motel owners and operators, code enforcement, and permit ordinance to increase pressure on uncooperative motel operators
Micro Places – Braga & Bond (2008)
Focus on hot spots of crime leads to reductions in crime and disorder calls for service
Micro Places – Bryant et al. (2015)
Data-Driven Approaches to Crime and Traffic Safety (DDACTS) produced statistically significant decreases in robberies, commercial burglaries, and vehicle crashes
Micro Places – Caplan et al. (2021)
Risk-based policing initiative led to significantly lower violent crimes compared to comparison areas
Micro Places – Chaiken et al. (1975)
Increased police on the New York Subways at night led to reduced crime
Micro Places – Chainey et al. (2021)
Hotspot policing initiative led to significant decrease in robbery rates
Micro Places – Gibson et al. (2017)
Targeted hot spot patrols led to a reduction in crime despite an overall decrease in dosage
Micro Places – Gómez et al. (2021)
Public surveillance cameras reduced property and violent crimes, with no evidence of crime displacement
Micro Places – Groff et al. (2015) (Offender Focused)
An approach focusing on known offenders led to a reduction in violent crime and violent felonies
Micro Places – Jim et al. (2006)
Community-oriented policing in a retail shopping center led to reduced perception of gang activity and fear of crime
Micro Places – Kennedy et al. (2015) Colorado Springs
Allocating police resources to high-risk areas, derived from risk terrain modeling (RTM) reduced crime in target areas
Micro Places – Kennedy et al. (2015) Glendale
Allocating police resources to high-risk areas, derived from risk terrain modeling (RTM) reduced crime in target areas
Micro Places – Kennedy et al. (2015) Kansas City
Allocating police resources to high-risk areas, derived from risk terrain modeling (RTM) reduced crime in target areas
Micro Places – Kennedy et al. (2015) Newark
Allocating police resources to high-risk areas, derived from risk terrain modeling (RTM) reduced crime in target areas
Micro Places – Kochel et al. (2015) Directed patrol
Directed patrol led to reduction in calls for service
Micro Places – Koper et al. (2021)
Hot spot policing intervention led to significant reduction in every crime category studied.
Micro Places – Lawton et al. (2005)
Police officers on drug corners in Philadelphia were associated with significant localized intervention impacts for both violent and drug crimes.
Micro Places – Mazeika (2014)
Crackdown intervention focusing on saturation patrol and enforcement activity led to significant decreases in robberies during the intervention period
Micro Places – Mohler et al. (2015)
Predictive policing models led to reduction in crime
Micro Places – Munyo & Rossi (2020)
Police-monitored surveillance cameras reduced outdoor crimes such as robbery and theft
Micro Places – Piza et al. (2015)
CCTV increased identification of criminal activity and a reduction of crime
Micro Places – Potts (2020)
Use of patrol car lights was associated with a reduction in auto thefts
Micro Places – Ratcliffe et al. (2011)
Foot patrol associated with a significant decrease in crime in hot spots that reach a threshold level of pre-intervention violence
Micro Places – Santos & Santos (2021)
Directed patrols in micro-time hot spots reduced residential burglary and theft from vehicles
Micro Places – Sherman & Weisburd (1995)
Substantial increases in police patrol associated with reduction in total crime calls and more significant reduction in disorder at high crime hot spots
Micro Places – Taylor et al. (2011) (POP)
Substantial increases in police patrol associated with reduction in total crime calls and more significant reduction in disorder at high crime hot spots
Micro Places – Telep et al. (2014)
Spending approximately 15 minutes at treatment hot spots reduced calls for service and crime incidents.
Micro Places – Weisburd et al. (2015) Hot spots
Treatment patrol areas drawn from automatic vehicle location (AVL) systems experienced significant increases in unallocated patrol time and a decrease in crime
Micro Places – White & Katz (2013)
Problem-oriented policing at convenience store locations led to a 40% decline in calls for service at target stores.
Micro Places – Williams & Coupe (2017)
15-minute police patrols were associated with significant reductions in crime and anti-social behavior calls for service, relative to 5-minute patrols
Neighborhood – Azrael et al. (2013)
District-level homicide review process led to decrease in monthly homicide counts
Neighborhood – Berk & MacDonald (2010)
Broken windows approach to deal with homeless encampments associated with meaningful reduction in violent, property, and nuisance crimes
Neighborhood – Bland et al. (2021)
15-minutes foot patrols were associated with a significant reduction in violent crime
Neighborhood – Boydstun (1975)
More field interrogations associated with fewer outdoor crimes
Neighborhood – Bynum et al. (2014)
Comprehensive approach to reduce gun violence led to significant success
Neighborhood – Caeti (1999)
Beats in which police used hot spots and zero tolerance had greater crime reductions than those in which police used POP and increased visibility
Neighborhood – Cid (2019)
Saturation patrol program that increased police presence in high-crime areas led to reduction in robberies
Neighborhood – Clapp et al. (2005)
DUI prevention program and increased law enforcement led to decrease in self-reported DUI at the target university, whereas rates at the comparison campus remained stable.
Neighborhood – Cohen & Ludwig (2003)
Targeted patrol against gun crime reduced shots fired by up to 34% and gun-related assault injuries by up to 71% on days the program was in action
Neighborhood – Connell et al. (2008)
Officer-initiated community policing program associated with a significant reduction in violent and property crimes in the targeted area, butnot in comparable areas in the county
Neighborhood – Corsaro et al. (2012)
Pulling levers intervention: Identification of drug and violence hot spots followed by notification and resource delivery to individuals convicted of nonviolent nonfelony crimes
Neighborhood – García et al. (2013)
Reform initiative that combined community and problem-oriented policing elements led to significant reductions in several types of crime, including homicides and brawls.
Neighborhood – Koper et al. (2016)
Multi-agency partnership focused on enforcement, prosecution, and community improvement associated with reduction in crime and violence
Neighborhood – Krimmel & Mele (1998)
Targeting stolen vehicle dump sites leads to reduced auto theft
Neighborhood – Lancashire Constabulary (2008)
Problem-oriented policing with the SARA model reduced crime and calls for service without displacing crime to adjacent areas
Neighborhood – MacDonald et al. (2016)
Increased patrol presence using private police led to significant crime reductions ranging from 43-73%
Neighborhood – Mazerolle et al. (2003) [Neighborhood Beat Model]
Neighborhood beat policing was associated with a reduction in overall neighborhood crime rates and a reduction in calls for police service over a long period.
Neighborhood – McGarrell et al. (2001) [Targeted Offender Approach]
Targeted offender approach involving pedestrian and traffic stops of suspicious individuals and home visits led to a reduction in firearm-related violence.
Neighborhood – McGarrell et al. (2015)
Violence reduction task force employing targeted patrol and enforcement at violent gangs and areas led to a significant decline in gun crime in treatment precincts relative to control
Neighborhood – Pate et al. (1985b)
Program to increase the quantity and quality of police-citizen contacts and to reduce disorder was successful in improving evaluations of police service and in reducing perceived levels of social disorder
Neighborhood – Robin et al. (2020)
Community Safety Partnership (CSP) reduced property crimes, overall crime rates, and calls for service in public housing developments
Neighborhood – Sherman et al. (1995)
Directed patrol to increase gun detection leads to significant increase in gun seizures and decline in gun-related crime.
Neighborhood – Smith (2001)
92 percent reduction in crime in the target area during a crackdown. Crime reduction persisted in some parts of the neighborhood 6 months later
Neighborhood – Tita et al. (2003)
Violence declined during and after the pulling levers intervention
Neighborhood – Uchida & Swatt (2013) [Chronic Location and Offender Components]
Targeting violent repeat offenders in specific target areas found successful intervention when mixed hot spots patrol with focused offender tactics.
Groups — Cahill et al. (2008)
Gang reduction program led to decrease of gang-related incidents in the target area, but similar decrease observed in the comparison area
Jurisdiction – Fell et al. (2005)
Increased DUI enforcement lead to declines in drinking-and-driving fatal crashes in two states but not two others
Jurisdiction – McGarrell et al. (2012)
Comprehensive Anti-Gang Initiative includes strategic problem-solving model that increased partnerships among federal, state, and local law enforcement and prosecution agencies as well as community institutions
Micro Places – Ariel & Partridge (2017)
Hot spots policing at high-crime bus stops was associated with a significant reduction in driver incident reports but also a significant increase in victim-generated crime
Micro Places – Blattman et al. (2021)
Combination of hot spots policing and municipal services led to significant crime reductions that were offset by larger displacement effects
Micro Places – Bryson (2019)
Increased police patrols within hot spots led to reductions in high priority calls for service; Mixed results, however, were found for other offense types
Micro Places – Carter et al. (2021)
Place-based policing led to significant reductions in violent crime and non-significant decreases in property crime and drug overdoses
Micro Places – Chainey (2022)
The distribution of forensic property marking kits significantly reduced burglaries during a six-month follow-up period.
Micro Places – Chainey et al. (2023)
Hotspot policing led to significant reduction in robberies and thefts, but no significant effects were found for assaults or vehicle crime
Micro Places – Circo & McGarrell (2021)
The installment of hundreds of high definition CCTV cameras had mixed effects on property crimes and no significant impact on violent crime.
Micro Places – Cohen et al. (2003)
Police raids on nuisance bars suppressed drug activity around those bars during the raids, with effects vanishing afterwards.
Micro Places – Collazos et al. (2021)
Hotspot policing led to a significant reduction in reported car thefts, but no change in motorbike thefts, personal robberies, homicides, or assaults.
Micro Places – Koper et al. (2013)
Short-term patrols with LPR devices reduced different crimes depending on how the LPRs were used
Micro Places – Koper et al. (2015)
Crime declined in hot spots that received higher levels of dosage, but greater use of mobile computing technology at hot spots did not enhance outcomes
Micro Places – Koper et al. (2022)
Hot spot patrols with license plate readers increased stolen vehicle recovery, however, it did not lead to a crime reduction.
Micro Places – La Vigne et al. (2011) Baltimore
Police monitored CCTV cameras reduce crime in one Baltimore site, but not the other
Micro Places – La Vigne et al. (2011) Chicago
Police monitored CCTV cameras reduce crime in one Chicago site, but not the other
Micro Places – Lai et al. (2019)
Police monitored CCTV cameras reduced robbery incidents in treatment sites but did not significantly impact other types of property crime
Micro Places – Novak et al. (2016)
Foot patrol effect initially reduced violent crime, but this effect soon faded
Micro Places – Piza (2018)
Installation of CCTV cameras led to significant reductions in auto thefts but did not impact theft from auto or violent crime incidents
Micro Places – Piza & O’Hara (2014)
Saturation foot patrol produced reductions in violent crime, with evidence of both temporal and spatial displacement
Micro Places – Robin et al. (2021)
Police-operated CCTV cameras led to increased crime but also improved case clearances
Micro Places – Rosenfeld et al. (2014) (Directed patrol + enforcement)
Directed patrol plus enforcement activities reduced total firearm violence, but produced no change in firearm robberies
Micro Places – Sherman & Rogan (1995)
Crack house raids reduced crime for about 12 days; crime reductions decayed quickly
Micro Places – Sherman et al. (1989)
Repeat Call Address Policing (RECAP) had no impact on calls at commercial addresses but reduced calls at residential addresses
Micro Places – Stephenson (2017)
Saturation patrol within hot spots did not reduce crime or calls for service overall, but effects varied across targeted locations
Micro Places – Wheeler & Phillips (2018)
Combination of automatic license plate readers and temporary roadblocks was associated with crime declines in some analyses and crime increases in others
Micro Places: Groff & Taniguchi (2019)
Citizen burglary notifications in high-risk areas did not reduce burglary in either of the two counties where it was tested but did produce a significant reduction when data from both counties was combined