Individuals – Esbensen (2002)
Students in Gang Resistance Education and Training (G.R.E.A.T.) program were less likely to join gangs in cross-sectional study. The longitudinal study, however, failed to find a programmatic effect.
Individuals – Esbensen et al. (2012)
Police-led programs for gang prevention aimed at reduction in gang membership, reduction in violent offending, and improved attitudes toward the police
Individuals – Harmon (1993)
Those that receive D.A.R.E. significantly less likely to start using alcohol in year after program; no impact on cigarette or marijuana use
Individuals – Becker et al. (1992)
Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) had no significant impact on drug use
Individuals – Clayton et al. (1996)
No significant impact of D.A.R.E. on cigarette, alcohol, or marijuana use one year after and over five year follow up
Individuals – Ennett et al. (1994)
D.A.R.E. has no significant impact on smoking, alcohol use, or heavy drinking immediately after, 1 year after, and 2 years; after program
Individuals – Perry et al. (2003)
D.A.R.E. has no significant impact on any of the outcome measures (self-reported tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use; violence, victimization)
Individuals – Ringwalt et al. (1991)
D.A.R.E has no significant impact on smoking, alcohol use, or use of inhalants
Individuals – Rosenbaum & Hanson (1998)
D.A.R.E has no significant overall impact on using drugs, cigarettes, or alcohol
Individuals – Sloboda et al. (2009)
Negative program effect for adolescent substance abuse prevention program on use of alcohol and cigarettes and no effect for marijuana use.